....China Comunista en el siglo XXI......HISTORIA UNIVERSAL.......La crisis iniciada en 2007.......INDEX

China tiene desde 2015 la mayor clase media del mundo con 109 millones de personas adultas y EEUU 92 millones

LD Libre mercado 2015-10-16

China posee la clase media más numerosa del mundo, con 109 millones de personas adultas, superando en el ranking mundial a EEUU por primera vez en la historia, con casi 92 millones de norteamericanos, según el informe sobre riqueza global elaborado por Credit Suisse.

Desde el año 2000, más de 43 millones de chinos se han incorporado a la categoría de clase media, mientras que en EEUU su crecimiento se ha limitado a 22 millones durante el mismo período. A nivel global, un total de 664 millones de adultos, o 14% de la población adulta, frente a los 524 millones existentes hace quince años.

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Fuente:

https://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/?fileID=F2425415-DCA7-80B8-EAD989AF9341D47E

the United States is chosen as the benchmark country. Specifically, a middle-class adult in the United States is

50,000 and USD 500,000 valued at mid-2015

by noting that USD 50,000 equates to roughly two years of median earnings and hence provides\par substantial protection against work interruptions,\par income shortfalls or emergency expenditures.

roughly equates to the amount of capital a person\par close to retirement age needs to purchase an\par annuity paying the median wage for the remainder\par of their life. However, we do not aim to provide una detallada jistificación de nuestros criterios de corte, los cuales [intentan ser tan indicativos como precisos] are intended to be indicative rather than precise. Other reasonable values for the lower and upper\par bounds do not appear to change the broad patterns\par and conclusions documented below. For the years before 2015, the middle-class\par wealth bounds for the United States were adjusted\par downwards using the US CPI. For other countries,\par the IMF series of purchasing power parity (PPP)

values was used to derive equivalent middle-class\par wealth bounds in local purchasing power terms.\par Nowadays prices in the United States are often\par lower than in other advanced economies, so applying\par the PPP adjustment sometimes produces lower (see Figure 1). Among Nordic countries, for example,\par the cut-offs in 2015 range from USD 51,400\par for Finland and USD 52,600 for Sweden to USD

Applying our methodology suggests that an adult\par in Switzerland must own at least USD 72,900 in\par assets to belong to the middle class.\par Countries with lower wealth per capita tend to\par have lower prices, so the middle-class threshold\par is correspondingly reduced for them, as Figure 1 shows. To be a member of the middle class in\par 2015 according to our methodology, an adult needs\par at least USD 28,000 in Brazil, Chile and China;\par USD 22,000 in South Africa and Turkey; USD\par 18,000 in Malaysia, Russia and Thailand; and just\par USD 13,700 in India.

Middle-class numbers by region and country

For each country, the upper limit of middle-class\par wealth is ten times the lower bound. This allows permite identificar a los miembros de la clase media and their number and wealth to be estimated. Our\par results indicate that 664 million adults belong to\par the global middle class in 2015, equivalent to 14%\par of the total adult population. A further 96 million\par (2% of world adults) have wealth beyond the upper\par bound of our middle-class wealth range.\par Across regions, the middle class is most prevalent\par in North America, where 39% of adults\par qualify, followed by Europe, where the proportion\par is one-third. As Figure 2 shows, the share then (excluding China and India), around 11% in China\par and Latin America, and just 3% in Africa and India.\par Including those with wealth above the middle-class\par cut-off raises the North American incidence rate\par to 51%, but makes little difference to the numbers for China, Latin America, Africa or India.

Despite a high incidence in North America, the region contains only 105 million middle-class adults

region (excluding China and India) or the 194 million residents of Europe (29% of the world).\par In fact, the number of middle-class adults in North\par America has fallen below the number in China (see\par Figure 3). Adding those with wealth beyond our\par middle-class range raises the North American share\par from 16% to 18% and overtakes the number in\par China, but otherwise makes little difference to the\par regional ranking.\par The middle class is so closely associated with\par North America \u8211 \'96 and with the United States in\par particular \u8211 \'96 that some of our results for individual

This is a relatively low percentage\par among advanced economies (see Table 1). Over\par 50% of adults qualify as middle class in Ireland,\par the Netherlands and New Zealand, while over\par 55% qualify in Italy, Japan, Spain, Taiwan, the\par United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom.\par The middle-class incidence rate exceeds 60% in\par Belgium and Singapore, and is highest of all in\par Australia, where 66% of adults are in the middle\par class and 80% belong to the middle class or beyond.\par }{\b\f1\fs19 Middle-class wealth\par }{\fs19 The net worth of the middle class in 2015\par amounted to USD 80.7 trillion worldwide, or 32%\par of global wealth. Adults with wealth beyond the\par middle-class threshold accounted for a further}}

region (excluding China and India) or the 194 million residents of Europe (29% of the world). In fact, the number of middle-class adults in North\ America has fallen below the number in China (see Figure 3). Adding those with wealth beyond our middle-class range raises the North American share from 16% to 18% and overtakes the number in China, but otherwise makes little difference to the\par regional ranking.

The middle class is so closely associated with\par North America \u8211 \'96 and with the United States in\par particular \u8211 \'96 that some of our results for individual

countries may come as a surprise. The pattern\par displayed in Figure 3 shows that China now has the largest number of middle-class adults by a wide margin 109 million compared to 92 million in the United States (although this ranking is reversed when those above the middle-class upper threshold are added). Eleven other countries have more than ten million middle-class citizens, ranging from Japan with 62 million, through France, Italy, Germany, India, Spain and the United Kingdom, with 20 million, and Australia, Brazil, Canada and Korea, with 10 million members each. Although North America is the region with the largest share of middle-class adults, the highest middle-class incidence rates are found elsewhere. Half of all adults in the United States own more than USD 50,000, but only 38% fall within our middleclass range. This is a relatively low percentage\par among advanced economies (see Table 1). Over\par 50% of adults qualify as middle class in Ireland,\par the Netherlands and New Zealand, while over\par 55% qualify in Italy, Japan, Spain, Taiwan, the\par United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom.\par The middle-class incidence rate exceeds 60% in\par Belgium and Singapore, and is highest of all in\par Australia, where 66% of adults are in the middle\par class and 80% belong to the middle class or beyond.

Middle-class wealth

The net worth of the middle class in 2015\par amounted to USD 80.7 trillion worldwide, or 32%\par of global wealth. Adults with wealth beyond the\par middle-class threshold accounted for a further

trillion, bringing the total wealth of the\par middle class and beyond to USD 231 trillion, or\par 92% of global wealth. Thus the 1-in-6 adults who\par belong to the middle class and beyond own the vast\par bulk of global assets. The same picture emerges\par within regions and countries, with few instances of\par countries where the middle class and beyond own\par less than two thirds of total wealth, regardless of\par the size of the middle class. India is a borderline\par case: only 3% of adults have wealth above the\par middle-class minimum, but the group accounts for\par 64% of total household wealth (see Table 2). The\par situation in Africa as a whole is almost identical.\par Other interesting conclusions emerge from the\par breakdown by region and country. While North\par America is the region with the highest incidence of\par middle-class adults, its share of middle-class}}

among regions \u8211 \'96 the population share of the middle\par class exceeds their share of wealth: in other words,\par the middle class as a group have less than average\par wealth (see Figure 2). In fact the average wealth of\par middle-class adults in North America is barely half\par the average for all adults. In contrast, middle-class\par wealth per adult in Europe is 130% of the regional\par average; the middle class in China is three times\par better off in wealth terms than the country as a\par whole; and the average wealth of the middle class\par in both India and Africa is ten times the level of those\par in the rest of the population. The reason for this\par unexpected result is evident from Figure 2: in North\par America the size and wealth of the group beyond the

middle class is large enough to depress the relative\par position of the middle class.\par A shortfall of the wealth share of the middle class\par below its population share is also evident in many individual countries outside North America, including\par every one of the G7 nations. Figure 4 shows that the\par shortfall is most acute in Switzerland, Singapore and\par the United States; but in Australia, Hong Kong SAR\par and Sweden the mean wealth of the middle class is\par also more than one-third lower than the average for\par the whole population. Again, the reason why the\par middle class in these countries has less than its \u8220 \'93fair\par share\u8221 \'94 of wealth is because those beyond the middle\par }{\f1\fs19 \'63\'6C\'61\'73\'73\'20\'61\'72\'65\'20\'73\'75\'66\'66\'69\'63\'69\'65\'6E\'74\'6C\'79\'20\'6E\'75\'6D\'65\'72\'6F\'75\'73\'20\'61\'6E\'64\'20\'77\'65\'61\'6C\'74\'68\'79\'20\'74\'6F\par }{\fs19 depress the middle class share. In contrast, for\par middle and low-income countries \u8211 \'96 such as Brazil,\par China, India, Indonesia and Mexico \u8211 \'96 the share of\par the middle-class\par wealth exceeds its population share\par (see Figure 4). This difference signals that in such\par countries members of the middle class are not \u8220 \'93in\par the middle.\u8221 \'94 Rather, they are towards the top of the\par distribution and there are relatively few people above\par them. The same is true for the world as a whole.

Trends in middle-class numbers

Our results show an expansion this century in the\par number of middle-class adults from 524 million in\par 2000 to 664 million in 2015, a rise of 140 million or\par 27%. This is a substantial increase by any standard,\par even allowing for the rise in population over this\par period. However, it underestimates the increase in\par middle-class membership because it disregards the\par net increase in the number of those who advance\par beyond our middle-class range. To accommodate total number in or beyond the middle class, and then\par split the total into those who remain in the middle\par class and those who progress further.